HEFEX II: Automatic Weather Station observations and ICON-LES simulations at Hintereisferner glacier (Austria)

This dataset contains meteorological observations and high-resolution atmospheric model simulations collected and produced during the HEFEX II field campaign at Hintereisferner. Observational data (2023-08-16 to 2023-09-10) The observational component consists of automatic weather station (AWS) measurements collected on and around Hintereisferner during the campaign. Variables include standard meteorological parameters such as: air temperature relative humidity wind speed and wind direction surface pressure Additional information and data requests for the permanent AWS are available here: Station "Im Hinteren Eis" (IHE): https://acinn-data.uibk.ac.at/pages/im-hinteren-eis.html Station "Hintereis" (STHE): https://acinn-data.uibk.ac.at/pages/station-hintereis.html Model simulations (2023-08-15 to 2023-09-14) The dataset also includes large-eddy simulations performed with ICON in LES mode (ICON-LES) at a horizontal resolution of 51 m for the same time period as the observations. The simulations were designed to reproduce the atmospheric conditions during the HEFEX II intensive observation period and allow direct comparison with in-situ measurements. For selected locations corresponding to observational sites, the dataset contains time series of atmospheric variables extracted from the model output. Temporal resolution Two temporal resolutions are provided: Hourly instantaneous data (values at the full hour) 30-minute averaged data (30min prior to timestamp) Data structure The dataset contains: AWS observations from the HEFEX II campaign ICON-LES simulation outputs for the same time period model time series extracted at locations corresponding to measurement sites metadata describing station locations, variable definitions, and units Purpose This dataset enables: evaluation of high-resolution atmospheric simulations against glacier observations investigation of glacier boundary-layer processes analysis of glacier wind dynamics and microclimate interactions