The Relationship Between Industrial Development, Urbanization, and Agriculture with the Water Quality of the Citarum River

Abstract- This study aims to analyze the relationship between industrial development, urbanization, and agricultural activities on the water quality of the Citarum River. This river is an important source of water for more than 25 million people in West Java and DKI Jakarta, but it is now heavily polluted, especially in the upstream part. The study used a quantitative approach by distributing questionnaires through Google Form to 150 respondents in the area around the Citarum River flow. Data analysis was carried out using the SmartPLS statistical tool to test the causal relationship between variables. The three independent variables studied were industrial development (X1), urbanization (X2), and agriculture (X3), while the dependent variable was the water quality of the Citarum River (Y). The results showed that the three independent variables had a statistically significant effect on the decline in water quality. The t-statistical value for all three exceeded the threshold of 1.96 with a p-value of 0.000, indicating a high level of significance. An R² value of 0.587 indicates that 58.7% of water quality variations can be explained by these three factors. In terms of validity and reliability, industrial development constructs and water quality showed good results, while urbanization and agricultural constructs still had weaknesses in reliability even though they met discriminant validity. These findings confirm that the pollution of the Citarum River is a direct result of human activities, especially from the industrial sector, urban settlements, and practices intensive farming. This research provides an empirical foundation for policy making more sustainable water management in the Citarum watershed area. Keywords: water quality, Citarum River, industrial development, urbanization, agriculture,SmartPLS