TESTING AS AN ASSESSMENT TOOL IN EDUCATION: THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS AND PERSPECTIVES

This article examines the theoretical foundations of the use of tests in the educational process. The study analyzes the concept of testing, its role in education, and its importance as a tool for assessing learning outcomes. Particular attention is given to the main theoretical approaches in test theory, including Classical Test Theory (CTT) and Item Response Theory (IRT), their principles, advantages, and limitations. The article also discusses modern assessment approaches such as Evidence-Centered Design (ECD), dynamic assessment, and psychologically grounded testing practices. The findings highlight that testing systems play an important role in evaluating the quality of education and emphasize the necessity of designing assessment tools based on pedagogical and psychological theories.