An experimental test of the importance of isolated trees for frog diversity in tropical landscapes

Isolated trees are conspicuous in fragmented landscapes and are often
considered “keystone structures”, due to their significant ecological role
despite occupying small areas. They are also regarded as “biodiversity
foci”, because they may support higher abundance and species richness than
nearby open areas. However, these suggestions have not been tested
experimentally yet. Using experimental ponds and amphibians as a model
system, we tested the importance of isolated trees for biological
communities in a biodiversity hotspot, the Atlantic Forest. We built and
sampled 28 artificial ponds, ten near the edge of a continuous forest,
nine beneath isolated trees and nine in open pasture. To test for
differences in amphibian community structure among experimental
treatments, we quantified community abundance, local species richness, and
community composition. We also tested whether the abundance of the four
numerically dominant species in the ponds (Physalaemus signifer,
Leptodactylus latrans, Rhinella ornata and Scinax aff. x-signatus)
differed among treatments. Finally, we compared total (landscape-level)
species richness among treatments. Ponds located beneath isolated trees
and near forest edges had a higher community abundance and abundance of P.
signifer and R. ornata, as well as a higher total (landscape-level)
species richness, than ponds located in open pasture. Ponds beneath
isolated trees had a similar community composition to ponds near the edge
of the continuous forest, whereas open-pasture communities had a markedly
different community composition. Our results provide experimental evidence
that isolated trees contribute to increase total (landscape-level) species
richness and community abundance of anurans in ponds in deforested areas,
making local communities more similar to those found near forest edges. We
recommend protecting and planting isolated trees across deforested areas,
particularly near natural ponds, as well as restoring ponds near isolated
trees. These relatively low-cost actions can contribute substantially to
increase the abundance and species richness of anuran communities in
fragmented landscapes.