Supplementary material

Digital and online tools for assessing executive functions (EF) have proliferated over the past decade, driven by technological innovation and the need for scalable, remote assessment solutions. While these instruments offer practical advantages—such as increased accessibility, automated scoring, and real-time data capture—their rapid development has often outpaced rigorous psychometric validation. Available validation studies rarely adopt a comprehensive psychometric framework. This review addresses that gap by systematically mapping the psychometric evidence of digital and online EF tests for healthy adults, using five key dimensions of modern psychometrics: content validity, structural validity, relations with other variables, response processes, and consequential validity.