Even when women improve their research more than men, they are less likely to be promoted.

The promotion chances and salary improvements of men and women between 2003 and 2012 split by 2003 rank. Positive score and salary differences imply men improved by more than women. The cohort is then split further by minimum rank reached by 2012, giving the probability of reaching at least this rank and the gender odds ratio (OR) and p value (p-val). Columns marked * are the gender coefficient of linear models accounting for other variables and associated coefficient p value (see section 6, S1 File).