Hand cleaning rates (% of toileting events) captured by video surveillance data (left), and by in-person observation (right).

Simultaneous monitoring refers periods when in-person observation and video surveillance were conducted concurrently.
*p<0.05.
φRate-ratios (RR) and p-values reported for Poisson regression analysis of rate differences between simultaneous and independent monitoring, while controlling for the individual school at which the data were collected.