Helicobacter pylori Interactions with Host Serum and Extracellular Matrix Proteins: Potential Role in the Infectious Process

Helicobacter pylori, a gram-negative spiral-shaped bacterium, specifically colonizes the stomachs of humans. Once established in this harsh ecological niche, it remains there virtually for the entire life of the host. To date, numerous virulence factors responsible for gastric colonization, survival, and tissue damage have been described for this bacterium. Nevertheless, a critical feature of H. pylori is its ability to establish a long-lasting infection. In fact, although good humoral (against many bacterial proteins) and cellular responses are observed, most infected persons are unable to eradicate the infection. A large body of evidence has shown that the interaction between H. pylori and the host is very complex. In addition to the effect of virulence factors on colonization and persistence, binding of specialized bacterial proteins, known as receptins, to certain host molecules (ligands) could explain the success of H. pylori as a chronically persisting pathogen. Some of the reported interactions are of high affinity, as revealed by their calculated dissociation constant. This review examines the binding of host proteins (serum and extracellular matrix proteins) to H. pylori and considers the significance of these interactions in the infectious process. A more thorough understanding of the kinetics of these receptin interactions could provide a new approach to preventing deeper tissue invasion in H. pylori infections and could represent an alternative to antibiotic treatment.