Table S1,Table S2,GLOSSARY

Table S1: Jiles-Atherton (J-A) model parameters (k, c, a) obtained from 30 new and 16 aged LiFePO₄ batteries, including statistical summaries. Table S2: Measured voltage hysteresis areas for the same set of 30 new and 16 aged LiFePO₄ batteries under a 1C charge/discharge rate, demonstrating clear trends of battery aging. GLOSSARY: Definitions and explanations of key technical terms and abbreviations used in the manuscript.