European newspapers articles:pro and anti democratic leaders represented in traditional media (updated)

European Political Leaders Media Corpus (2022–2025) Description This dataset contains a structured corpus of 26,187 newspaper articles focusing on the media representation of European political leaders across multiple national contexts. The corpus was designed to support research on political discourse, leadership framing, media bias, and ideological positioning in European media systems, particularly during election periods and major political developments. The dataset includes articles from mainstream liberal/centrist and conservative media outlets in six European countries: France Germany Hungary Italy Poland Sweden The corpus covers the period 2022–2025 and focuses on politically salient periods, including: National elections European Parliament elections Leadership transitions Major geopolitical developments affecting European politics The corpus focuses on media representations of prominent political leaders and their principal political competitors in six European countries. The selected actors include Emmanuel Macron and Marine Le Pen (France), Olaf Scholz and Alice Weidel (Germany), Donald Tusk and Jarosław Kaczyński (Poland), Magdalena Andersson and Jimmie Åkesson (Sweden), Viktor Orbán and Péter Magyar (Hungary), and Giorgia Meloni and Beppe Grillo (Italy). Data Collection and structure Articles were collected through automated web scraping using keyword-based queries related to: Political leaders Elections and electoral campaigns Government and political developments Data collection was conducted within predefined time windows tailored to each country's electoral and political calendar. Data structure The dataset is provided in tabular format and includes the following variables: article_url — URL of the original article Title_eng — Article title translated into English date — Publication date Section_eng — Newspaper section translated into English time_slot — Internal time-window identifier site — Media outlet Language — Original language of publication Country — Country of publication Orientation — Political orientation of the media outlet Time_period — Descriptive time-period label Period — Simplified time-period category num_wds — Total word count uniq_wds — Number of unique words The dataset contains article metadata and derived textual measures. Full article texts are not included due to copyright restrictions. Potential Application The corpus enables the study of: Media representations of political leaders Ideological framing across media outlets and countries Election-related discourse dynamics Cross-national variations in political communication Linguistic complexity and textual characteristics of political reporting Preprocessing The following preprocessing steps were applied: Articles were cleaned and organized into a tabular format Titles and newspaper sections were translated into English Word-count (num_wds) and lexical-diversity (uniq_wds) measures were computed Time-period variables were standardized across countries Limitations Several limitations should be considered when using the dataset: The corpus reflects the editorial practices of selected media outlets and is not fully representative of national media systems. Some metadata fields may contain missing values. Automated translation may introduce minor semantic inaccuracies. Differences in media archives and publication practices may affect coverage across countries. Ethical Considerations This dataset is intended for academic and research purposes. Users are responsible for complying with applicable copyright regulations and the terms of use of the original news sources. No personal or sensitive data was intentionally collected.