GENETIC INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES IN CRIME SCENE IDENTIFICATION: TERMINOLOGY AND METHODS IN DEVELOPED COUNTRIES

identification of crime scenes and criminal suspects, with particular attention to terminology, analytical methods, and institutional practices in developed countries. With the rapid advancement of forensic genomics, DNA-based technologies have become central to modern criminal investigations. Countries such as the United States, United Kingdom, Germany, and Japan have implemented comprehensive DNA databases and standardized forensic procedures to improve crime detection accuracy. The research adopts a comparative-analytical approach, examining key forensic genetic terms, laboratory methodologies, and national DNA database systems. Special emphasis is placed on Short Tandem Repeat (STR) analysis, mitochondrial DNA profiling, Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS), and forensic genetic genealogy. The study also analyzes the role of national DNA indexing systems such as the Federal Bureau of Investigation’s CODIS program and the National DNA Database in the United Kingdom. The findings indicate that developed countries rely on standardized genetic terminology, strict chain-of-custody procedures, and advanced bioinformatics tools to ensure reliability and legal admissibility of DNA evidence. While genetic technologies significantly enhance investigative efficiency, ethical considerations regarding privacy, data protection, and proportional use remain central concerns. The study concludes that integrating advanced genetic technologies with legal safeguards provides a balanced model for effective crime scene identification.