Quantification of global terrestrial natural ecosystem nitrous oxide emissions from 1990 to 2023 with an improved nitrogen cycle modeling framework

<p><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:200%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">In this study, we enhanced the Terrestrial Ecosystem Model (TEM) by integrating a more comprehensive nitrogen cycle framework. The updated TEM was calibrated, validated, and applied to quantify N2O emissions from natural terrestrial ecosystems globally over the period 1990–2023.</span></span></span></span></p>