boschresearch/sofc_materials_articles
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--- annotations_creators: - expert-generated language_creators: - found language: - en license: - cc-by-4.0 multilinguality: - monolingual size_categories: - n<1K source_datasets: - original task_categories: - text-generation - fill-mask - token-classification - text-classification task_ids: - named-entity-recognition - slot-filling - topic-classification pretty_name: SofcMaterialsArticles dataset_info: features: - name: text dtype: string - name: sentence_offsets sequence: - name: begin_char_offset dtype: int64 - name: end_char_offset dtype: int64 - name: sentences sequence: string - name: sentence_labels sequence: int64 - name: token_offsets sequence: - name: offsets sequence: - name: begin_char_offset dtype: int64 - name: end_char_offset dtype: int64 - name: tokens sequence: sequence: string - name: entity_labels sequence: sequence: class_label: names: '0': B-DEVICE '1': B-EXPERIMENT '2': B-MATERIAL '3': B-VALUE '4': I-DEVICE '5': I-EXPERIMENT '6': I-MATERIAL '7': I-VALUE '8': O - name: slot_labels sequence: sequence: class_label: names: '0': B-anode_material '1': B-cathode_material '2': B-conductivity '3': B-current_density '4': B-degradation_rate '5': B-device '6': B-electrolyte_material '7': B-experiment_evoking_word '8': B-fuel_used '9': B-interlayer_material '10': B-interconnect_material '11': B-open_circuit_voltage '12': B-power_density '13': B-resistance '14': B-support_material '15': B-thickness '16': B-time_of_operation '17': B-voltage '18': B-working_temperature '19': I-anode_material '20': I-cathode_material '21': I-conductivity '22': I-current_density '23': I-degradation_rate '24': I-device '25': I-electrolyte_material '26': I-experiment_evoking_word '27': I-fuel_used '28': I-interlayer_material '29': I-interconnect_material '30': I-open_circuit_voltage '31': I-power_density '32': I-resistance '33': I-support_material '34': I-thickness '35': I-time_of_operation '36': I-voltage '37': I-working_temperature '38': O - name: links sequence: - name: relation_label dtype: class_label: names: '0': coreference '1': experiment_variation '2': same_experiment '3': thickness - name: start_span_id dtype: int64 - name: end_span_id dtype: int64 - name: slots sequence: - name: frame_participant_label dtype: class_label: names: '0': anode_material '1': cathode_material '2': current_density '3': degradation_rate '4': device '5': electrolyte_material '6': fuel_used '7': interlayer_material '8': open_circuit_voltage '9': power_density '10': resistance '11': support_material '12': time_of_operation '13': voltage '14': working_temperature - name: slot_id dtype: int64 - name: spans sequence: - name: span_id dtype: int64 - name: entity_label dtype: class_label: names: '0': '' '1': DEVICE '2': MATERIAL '3': VALUE - name: sentence_id dtype: int64 - name: experiment_mention_type dtype: class_label: names: '0': '' '1': current_exp '2': future_work '3': general_info '4': previous_work - name: begin_char_offset dtype: int64 - name: end_char_offset dtype: int64 - name: experiments sequence: - name: experiment_id dtype: int64 - name: span_id dtype: int64 - name: slots sequence: - name: frame_participant_label dtype: class_label: names: '0': anode_material '1': cathode_material '2': current_density '3': degradation_rate '4': conductivity '5': device '6': electrolyte_material '7': fuel_used '8': interlayer_material '9': open_circuit_voltage '10': power_density '11': resistance '12': support_material '13': time_of_operation '14': voltage '15': working_temperature - name: slot_id dtype: int64 splits: - name: train num_bytes: 7402373 num_examples: 26 - name: test num_bytes: 2650700 num_examples: 11 - name: validation num_bytes: 1993857 num_examples: 8 download_size: 3733137 dataset_size: 12046930 --- # Dataset Card for SofcMaterialsArticles ## Table of Contents - [Dataset Description](#dataset-description) - [Dataset Summary](#dataset-summary) - [Supported Tasks and Leaderboards](#supported-tasks-and-leaderboards) - [Languages](#languages) - [Dataset Structure](#dataset-structure) - [Data Instances](#data-instances) - [Data Fields](#data-fields) - [Data Splits](#data-splits) - [Dataset Creation](#dataset-creation) - [Curation Rationale](#curation-rationale) - [Source Data](#source-data) - [Annotations](#annotations) - [Personal and Sensitive Information](#personal-and-sensitive-information) - [Considerations for Using the Data](#considerations-for-using-the-data) - [Social Impact of Dataset](#social-impact-of-dataset) - [Discussion of Biases](#discussion-of-biases) - [Other Known Limitations](#other-known-limitations) - [Additional Information](#additional-information) - [Dataset Curators](#dataset-curators) - [Licensing Information](#licensing-information) - [Citation Information](#citation-information) - [Contributions](#contributions) ## Dataset Description - **Homepage:** [boschresearch/sofc-exp_textmining_resources](https://github.com/boschresearch/sofc-exp_textmining_resources) - **Repository:** [boschresearch/sofc-exp_textmining_resources](https://github.com/boschresearch/sofc-exp_textmining_resources) - **Paper:** [The SOFC-Exp Corpus and Neural Approaches to Information Extraction in the Materials Science Domain](https://arxiv.org/abs/2006.03039) - **Leaderboard:** - **Point of Contact:** [Annemarie Friedrich](annemarie.friedrich@de.bosch.com) ### Dataset Summary > The SOFC-Exp corpus contains 45 scientific publications about solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs), published between 2013 and 2019 as open-access articles all with a CC-BY license. The dataset was manually annotated by domain experts with the following information: > > * Mentions of relevant experiments have been marked using a graph structure corresponding to instances of an Experiment frame (similar to the ones used in FrameNet.) We assume that an Experiment frame is introduced to the discourse by mentions of words such as report, test or measure (also called the frame-evoking elements). The nodes corresponding to the respective tokens are the heads of the graphs representing the Experiment frame. > * The Experiment frame related to SOFC-Experiments defines a set of 16 possible participant slots. Participants are annotated as dependents of links between the frame-evoking element and the participant node. > * In addition, we provide coarse-grained entity/concept types for all frame participants, i.e, MATERIAL, VALUE or DEVICE. Note that this annotation has not been performed on the full texts but only on sentences containing information about relevant experiments, and a few sentences in addition. In the paper, we run experiments for both tasks only on the set of sentences marked as experiment-describing in the gold standard, which is admittedly a slightly simplified setting. Entity types are only partially annotated on other sentences. Slot filling could of course also be evaluated in a fully automatic setting with automatic experiment sentence detection as a first step. ### Supported Tasks and Leaderboards - `topic-classification`: The dataset can be used to train a model for topic-classification, to identify sentences that mention SOFC-related experiments. - `named-entity-recognition`: The dataset can be used to train a named entity recognition model to detect `MATERIAL`, `VALUE`, `DEVICE`, and `EXPERIMENT` entities. - `slot-filling`: The slot-filling task is approached as fine-grained entity-typing-in-context, assuming that each sentence represents a single experiment frame. Sequence tagging architectures are utilized for tagging the tokens of each experiment-describing sentence with the set of slot types. The paper experiments with BiLSTM architectures with `BERT`- and `SciBERT`- generated token embeddings, as well as with `BERT` and `SciBERT` directly for the modeling task. A simple CRF architecture is used as a baseline for sequence-tagging tasks. Implementations of the transformer-based architectures can be found in the `huggingface/transformers` library: [BERT](https://huggingface.co/bert-base-uncased), [SciBERT](https://huggingface.co/allenai/scibert_scivocab_uncased) ### Languages This corpus is in English. ## Dataset Structure ### Data Instances As each example is a full text of an academic paper, plus annotations, a json formatted example is space-prohibitive for this README. ### Data Fields - `text`: The full text of the paper - `sentence_offsets`: Start and end character offsets for each sentence in the text. - `begin_char_offset`: a `int64` feature. - `end_char_offset`: a `int64` feature. - `sentences`: A sequence of the sentences in the text (using `sentence_offsets`) - `sentence_labels`: Sequence of binary labels for whether a sentence contains information of interest. - `token_offsets`: Sequence of sequences containing start and end character offsets for each token in each sentence in the text. - `offsets`: a dictionary feature containing: - `begin_char_offset`: a `int64` feature. - `end_char_offset`: a `int64` feature. - `tokens`: Sequence of sequences containing the tokens for each sentence in the text. - `feature`: a `string` feature. - `entity_labels`: a dictionary feature containing: - `feature`: a classification label, with possible values including `B-DEVICE`, `B-EXPERIMENT`, `B-MATERIAL`, `B-VALUE`, `I-DEVICE`. - `slot_labels`: a dictionary feature containing: - `feature`: a classification label, with possible values including `B-anode_material`, `B-cathode_material`, `B-conductivity`, `B-current_density`, `B-degradation_rate`. - `links`: a dictionary feature containing: - `relation_label`: a classification label, with possible values including `coreference`, `experiment_variation`, `same_experiment`, `thickness`. - `start_span_id`: a `int64` feature. - `end_span_id`: a `int64` feature. - `slots`: a dictionary feature containing: - `frame_participant_label`: a classification label, with possible values including `anode_material`, `cathode_material`, `current_density`, `degradation_rate`, `device`. - `slot_id`: a `int64` feature. - `spans`: a dictionary feature containing: - `span_id`: a `int64` feature. - `entity_label`: a classification label, with possible values including ``, `DEVICE`, `MATERIAL`, `VALUE`. - `sentence_id`: a `int64` feature. - `experiment_mention_type`: a classification label, with possible values including ``, `current_exp`, `future_work`, `general_info`, `previous_work`. - `begin_char_offset`: a `int64` feature. - `end_char_offset`: a `int64` feature. - `experiments`: a dictionary feature containing: - `experiment_id`: a `int64` feature. - `span_id`: a `int64` feature. - `slots`: a dictionary feature containing: - `frame_participant_label`: a classification label, with possible values including `anode_material`, `cathode_material`, `current_density`, `degradation_rate`, `conductivity`. - `slot_id`: a `int64` feature. Very detailed information for each of the fields can be found in the [corpus file formats section](https://github.com/boschresearch/sofc-exp_textmining_resources#corpus-file-formats) of the associated dataset repo ### Data Splits This dataset consists of three splits: | | Train | Valid | Test | | ----- | ------ | ----- | ---- | | Input Examples | 26 | 8 | 11 | The authors propose the experimental setting of using the training data in a 5-fold cross validation setting for development and tuning, and finally applying tte model(s) to the independent test set. ## Dataset Creation ### Curation Rationale [More Information Needed] ### Source Data #### Initial Data Collection and Normalization [More Information Needed] #### Who are the source language producers? The corpus consists of 45 open-access scientific publications about SOFCs and related research, annotated by domain experts. ### Annotations #### Annotation process For manual annotation, the authors use the InCeption annotation tool (Klie et al., 2018). #### Who are the annotators? [More Information Needed] ### Personal and Sensitive Information [More Information Needed] ## Considerations for Using the Data ### Social Impact of Dataset [More Information Needed] ### Discussion of Biases [More Information Needed] ### Other Known Limitations [More Information Needed] ## Additional Information ### Dataset Curators [More Information Needed] ### Licensing Information The manual annotations created for the SOFC-Exp corpus are licensed under a [Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC-BY-4.0)](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). ### Citation Information ``` @misc{friedrich2020sofcexp, title={The SOFC-Exp Corpus and Neural Approaches to Information Extraction in the Materials Science Domain}, author={Annemarie Friedrich and Heike Adel and Federico Tomazic and Johannes Hingerl and Renou Benteau and Anika Maruscyk and Lukas Lange}, year={2020}, eprint={2006.03039}, archivePrefix={arXiv}, primaryClass={cs.CL} } ``` ### Contributions Thanks to [@ZacharySBrown](https://github.com/ZacharySBrown) for adding this dataset.
annotations_creators: - 专家生成(expert-generated) language_creators: - 现有采集(found) language: - 英语(en) license: - CC-BY-4.0 multilinguality: - 单语言(monolingual) size_categories: - 少于1000条样本(n<1K) source_datasets: - 原始数据集(original) task_categories: - 文本生成(text-generation) - 掩码填充(fill-mask) - 令牌分类(token-classification) - 文本分类(text-classification) task_ids: - 命名实体识别(named-entity-recognition) - 槽位填充(slot-filling) - 主题分类(topic-classification) pretty_name: SofcMaterialsArticles # SofcMaterialsArticles 数据集卡片 ## 目录 - [数据集描述](#dataset-description) - [数据集概述](#dataset-summary) - [支持任务与排行榜](#supported-tasks-and-leaderboards) - [语言](#languages) - [数据集结构](#dataset-structure) - [数据样本](#data-instances) - [数据字段](#data-fields) - [数据划分](#data-splits) - [数据集创建](#dataset-creation) - [整理初衷](#curation-rationale) - [源数据](#source-data) - [标注](#annotations) - [个人与敏感信息](#personal-and-sensitive-information) - [数据使用注意事项](#considerations-for-using-the-data) - [数据集的社会影响](#social-impact-of-dataset) - [偏差讨论](#discussion-of-biases) - [其他已知限制](#other-known-limitations) - [附加信息](#additional-information) - [数据集整理者](#dataset-curators) - [授权信息](#licensing-information) - [引用信息](#citation-information) - [贡献致谢](#contributions) ## 数据集描述 - **主页:** [boschresearch/sofc-exp_textmining_resources](https://github.com/boschresearch/sofc-exp_textmining_resources) - **代码仓库:** [boschresearch/sofc-exp_textmining_resources](https://github.com/boschresearch/sofc-exp_textmining_resources) - **相关论文:** [《SOFC-Exp语料库与材料科学领域信息抽取的神经方法》](https://arxiv.org/abs/2006.03039) - **排行榜:** - **联系方式:** [Annemarie Friedrich](annemarie.friedrich@de.bosch.com) ### 数据集概述 > SOFC-Exp语料库包含45篇关于固体氧化物燃料电池(SOFCs,solid oxide fuel cells)的学术出版物,均为2013至2019年间发表的开放获取文章,采用CC-BY授权协议。本数据集由领域专家手动标注,标注内容如下: > > * 相关实验的提及内容采用与实验框架(Experiment frame,参考框架网络FrameNet)实例对应的图结构进行标记。我们假设实验框架由`report`、`test`或`measure`等词汇的提及内容引入(此类词汇也被称为框架触发元素),与对应标记对应的节点即为代表实验框架的图的头节点。 > * 与SOFC实验相关的实验框架定义了16种可选的参与者槽位,参与者被标注为框架触发元素与参与者节点之间的链接的从属项。 > * 此外,我们为所有框架参与者提供了粗粒度的实体/概念类型,即材料(MATERIAL)、数值(VALUE)与设备(DEVICE)。请注意,本标注并非针对全文,仅针对包含相关实验信息的句子以及少量额外句子。在相关论文中,我们仅针对金标准中被标记为实验描述的句子集合开展两项任务的实验,该设置诚然略显简化。其他句子仅部分标注了实体类型。槽位填充任务当然也可以在全自动设置下进行评估,将自动实验句子检测作为第一步。 ### 支持任务与排行榜 - **主题分类(topic-classification)**:本数据集可用于训练主题分类模型,以识别提及SOFC相关实验的句子。 - **命名实体识别(named-entity-recognition)**:本数据集可用于训练命名实体识别模型,以检测材料(MATERIAL)、数值(VALUE)、设备(DEVICE)与实验(EXPERIMENT)实体。 - **槽位填充(slot-filling)**:槽位填充任务被建模为上下文细粒度实体分类,假设每个句子代表一个单一的实验框架。我们采用序列标注架构,为每一句实验描述句子的标记赋予对应的槽位类型标签。 相关论文针对建模任务,测试了基于`BERT`与`SciBERT`生成的令牌嵌入(token embeddings)的双向长短期记忆网络(BiLSTM)架构,以及直接使用`BERT`与`SciBERT`的方案。序列标注任务的基线模型采用简单的条件随机场(CRF)架构。基于Transformer的架构实现可在`huggingface/transformers`库中找到:[BERT](https://huggingface.co/bert-base-uncased)、[SciBERT](https://huggingface.co/allenai/scibert_scivocab_uncased) ### 语言 本语料库采用英语编写。 ## 数据集结构 ### 数据样本 由于每个样本均为一篇学术论文的全文及对应标注,本README中无法展示JSON格式的样本示例。 ### 数据字段 - `text`:论文的完整文本 - `sentence_offsets`:文本中每个句子的起始与结束字符偏移量。 - `begin_char_offset`:`int64`类型特征,记录字符起始偏移位置。 - `end_char_offset`:`int64`类型特征,记录字符结束偏移位置。 - `sentences`:文本中所有句子的序列(通过`sentence_offsets`生成) - `sentence_labels`:二进制标签序列,用于标记句子是否包含目标信息 - `token_offsets`:多层序列结构,存储文本中每个句子的每个令牌的起始与结束字符偏移量。 - `offsets`:字典类型特征,包含: - `begin_char_offset`:`int64`类型特征,记录令牌起始字符偏移位置。 - `end_char_offset`:`int64`类型特征,记录令牌结束字符偏移位置。 - `tokens`:多层序列结构,存储文本中每个句子的所有令牌。 - `feature`:`string`类型特征,即令牌文本。 - `entity_labels`:字典类型特征,包含: - `feature`:分类标签,可选值包括`B-设备(B-DEVICE)`、`B-实验(B-EXPERIMENT)`、`B-材料(B-MATERIAL)`、`B-数值(B-VALUE)`、`I-设备(I-DEVICE)`等。 - `slot_labels`:字典类型特征,包含: - `feature`:分类标签,可选值包括`B-阳极材料(B-anode_material)`、`B-阴极材料(B-cathode_material)`、`B-电导率(B-conductivity)`、`B-电流密度(B-current_density)`、`B-降解速率(B-degradation_rate)`等。 - `links`:字典类型特征,包含: - `relation_label`:分类标签,可选值包括`共指(coreference)`、`实验变体(experiment_variation)`、`同一实验(same_experiment)`、`厚度(thickness)`等。 - `start_span_id`:`int64`类型特征,即起始跨度ID。 - `end_span_id`:`int64`类型特征,即结束跨度ID。 - `slots`:字典类型特征,包含: - `frame_participant_label`:分类标签,可选值包括`阳极材料(anode_material)`、`阴极材料(cathode_material)`、`电流密度(current_density)`、`降解速率(degradation_rate)`、`设备(device)`等。 - `slot_id`:`int64`类型特征,即槽位ID。 - `spans`:字典类型特征,包含: - `span_id`:`int64`类型特征,即跨度ID。 - `entity_label`:分类标签,可选值包括空值、`设备(DEVICE)`、`材料(MATERIAL)`、`数值(VALUE)`。 - `sentence_id`:`int64`类型特征,即句子ID。 - `experiment_mention_type`:分类标签,可选值包括空值、`当前实验(current_exp)`、`未来工作(future_work)`、`通用信息(general_info)`、`先前工作(previous_work)`。 - `begin_char_offset`:`int64`类型特征,记录字符起始偏移位置。 - `end_char_offset`:`int64`类型特征,记录字符结束偏移位置。 - `experiments`:字典类型特征,包含: - `experiment_id`:`int64`类型特征,即实验ID。 - `span_id`:`int64`类型特征,即跨度ID。 - `slots`:字典类型特征,包含: - `frame_participant_label`:分类标签,可选值包括`阳极材料(anode_material)`、`阴极材料(cathode_material)`、`电流密度(current_density)`、`降解速率(degradation_rate)`、`电导率(conductivity)`等。 - `slot_id`:`int64`类型特征,即槽位ID。 各字段的详细说明可在关联数据集仓库的[语料库文件格式章节](https://github.com/boschresearch/sofc-exp_textmining_resources#corpus-file-formats)中查阅。 ### 数据划分 本数据集包含三个划分子集: | | 训练集 | 验证集 | 测试集 | | ----- | ------ | ----- | ---- | | 输入样本数 | 26 | 8 | 11 | 作者提出的实验设置为:使用训练数据进行5折交叉验证以开展开发与调优,最终将训练好的模型应用于独立测试集。 ## 数据集创建 ### 整理初衷 [需要更多信息] ### 源数据 #### 初始数据收集与标准化 [需要更多信息] #### 语料来源生产者是谁? 本语料库包含45篇关于SOFCs及相关研究的开放获取学术出版物,由领域专家完成标注。 ### 标注 #### 标注流程 手动标注环节中,作者使用了InCeption标注工具(Klie等人,2018)。 #### 标注人员是谁? [需要更多信息] ### 个人与敏感信息 [需要更多信息] ## 数据使用注意事项 ### 数据集的社会影响 [需要更多信息] ### 偏差讨论 [需要更多信息] ### 其他已知限制 [需要更多信息] ## 附加信息 ### 数据集整理者 [需要更多信息] ### 授权信息 SOFC-Exp语料库的手动标注内容采用[知识共享署名4.0国际许可协议(CC-BY-4.0)](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)进行授权。 ### 引用信息 @misc{friedrich2020sofcexp, title={The SOFC-Exp Corpus and Neural Approaches to Information Extraction in the Materials Science Domain}, author={Annemarie Friedrich and Heike Adel and Federico Tomazic and Johannes Hingerl and Renou Benteau and Anika Maruscyk and Lukas Lange}, year={2020}, eprint={2006.03039}, archivePrefix={arXiv}, primaryClass={cs.CL} } ### 贡献致谢 感谢[@ZacharySBrown](https://github.com/ZacharySBrown)贡献本数据集。
数据集概述
数据集基本信息
- 数据集名称: SofcMaterialsArticles
- 语言: 英语
- 许可证: CC-BY-4.0
- 数据集大小: 12046930 字节
- 下载大小: 3733137 字节
- 数据集创建者: 领域专家
- 数据集来源: 原始数据
数据集内容
数据集摘要
SOFC-Exp 语料库包含 45 篇关于固体氧化物燃料电池(SOFC)的科学出版物,这些出版物于 2013 年至 2019 年间发表,均为开放获取文章,并采用 CC-BY 许可证。该数据集由领域专家手动标注了以下信息:
- 相关实验的提及已使用与 FrameNet 中使用的实验框架相对应的图结构进行标记。
- 与 SOFC 实验相关的实验框架定义了一组 16 个可能的参与者槽。参与者被标注为框架引发元素和参与者节点之间链接的依赖项。
- 此外,我们为所有框架参与者提供了粗粒度的实体/概念类型,即 MATERIAL、VALUE 或 DEVICE。
支持的任务和排行榜
- 主题分类: 用于训练模型识别提及 SOFC 相关实验的句子。
- 命名实体识别: 用于训练命名实体识别模型以检测 MATERIAL、VALUE、DEVICE 和 EXPERIMENT 实体。
- 槽填充: 槽填充任务被视为上下文中的细粒度实体类型,假设每个句子代表一个单一的实验框架。
数据集结构
数据实例
每个示例是学术论文的全文加上标注,格式为 JSON。
数据字段
text: 论文的全文sentence_offsets: 每个句子在文本中的起始和结束字符偏移sentences: 文本中的句子序列sentence_labels: 句子是否包含感兴趣信息的二进制标签序列token_offsets: 每个句子中每个词的起始和结束字符偏移序列tokens: 文本中每个句子的词序列entity_labels: 实体标签,包含 B-DEVICE、B-EXPERIMENT、B-MATERIAL、B-VALUE、I-DEVICE 等slot_labels: 槽标签,包含 B-anode_material、B-cathode_material、B-conductivity、B-current_density、B-degradation_rate 等links: 链接信息,包含 coreference、experiment_variation、same_experiment、thickness 等关系标签slots: 槽信息,包含 anode_material、cathode_material、current_density、degradation_rate、device 等框架参与者标签spans: 跨度信息,包含 span_id、entity_label、sentence_id、experiment_mention_type、begin_char_offset、end_char_offset 等experiments: 实验信息,包含 experiment_id、span_id、slots 等
数据分割
数据集分为三个部分:
| 分割 | 训练 | 验证 | 测试 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 示例数量 | 26 | 8 | 11 |
数据集创建
标注过程
使用 InCeption 标注工具进行手动标注。
标注者
领域专家
许可证信息
手动标注的 SOFC-Exp 语料库采用 Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC-BY-4.0)。
引用信息
@misc{friedrich2020sofcexp, title={The SOFC-Exp Corpus and Neural Approaches to Information Extraction in the Materials Science Domain}, author={Annemarie Friedrich and Heike Adel and Federico Tomazic and Johannes Hingerl and Renou Benteau and Anika Maruscyk and Lukas Lange}, year={2020}, eprint={2006.03039}, archivePrefix={arXiv}, primaryClass={cs.CL} }




