Digital Health and Artificial Intelligence in Israel and the Philippines: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Adoption, Implementation, and Policy Implications

Title
Digital Health and Artificial Intelligence in Israel and the Philippines: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Adoption, Implementation, and Policy Implications

Dr. Fernan Torreno
Famiela Torreno (corresponding author)
[e-mail]

Abstract 
Background:
Digital health and artificial intelligence (AI) are reshaping health systems worldwide. Israel has emerged as a global leader in digital health innovation, supported by robust infrastructure, national strategy, and AI integration in clinical practice^1,2. By contrast, the Philippines illustrates adoption in a resource-limited context, with advances in telemedicine and AI-supported tuberculosis (TB) screening catalyzed by COVID-19 and donor-supported programs^3,4. Despite distinct trajectories, synthesizing evidence from both nations offers insights into health system readiness, equity, and global policy transfer.
Methods:
We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis (2000–2025) following PRISMA 2020 guidelines^5. Databases searched included PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and regional indices. Eligible studies evaluated digital health or AI interventions in Israel or the Philippines and reported outcomes related to clinical accuracy, access, satisfaction, or system performance. Effect sizes (Standardized Mean Differences [SMD] and Odds Ratios [OR]) were pooled using random-effects models, with subgroup analyses for Israel (high-resource) and the Philippines (LMIC).
Results:
Thirty-two studies met inclusion criteria, of which 12 provided extractable data. In Israel, AI tools demonstrated moderate improvements in diagnostic accuracy (SMD = 0.48, 95% CI: 0.32–0.64), particularly in radiology and oncology^6–8. In the Philippines, telemedicine increased access and satisfaction (OR = 1.55, 95% CI: 1.20–1.98)^9,10, while AI-CAD for TB screening improved case detection yield (OR = 1.62, 95% CI: 1.21–2.14)^11. Subgroup analysis showed comparable pooled benefits in both settings: Israel (SMD = 0.55, 95% CI: 0.38–0.72) vs. Philippines (SMD = 0.48, 95% CI: 0.30–0.66).
Conclusions:
This meta-analysis demonstrates that digital health and AI improve access, diagnostic accuracy, and satisfaction in both high-resource and LMIC settings. Israel illustrates system-level integration, while the Philippines highlights innovation under constraints. Together, they provide transferable lessons for advancing health system resilience and achieving global targets, notably SDG 3 (Good Health) and SDG 9 (Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure)^12,13.
Keywords: Digital Health, Artificial Intelligence, Israel, Philippines, Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis, Health Policy, Sustainable Development Goals