Habitat or temporal isolation: unravelling herbivore-parasitoid speciation patterns using double digest RADseq

Ecological speciation is often observed in phytophagous insects and their parasitoids due to divergent selection caused by host-associated or temporal differences. Most previous studies have utilized limited genetic markers or distantly related species to look for reproductive barriers of speciation. In our study we focus on closely related species of Lygus bugs and two sister species of Peristenus parasitoid wasps. Using mitochondrial DNA COI and genome wide SNPs generated using ddRADseq, we tested for potential effects of host-associated differentiation (HAD) or temporal isolation in this system. While three species of Lygus are clearly delineated with both COI and SNPs, no evidence of HAD or temporal differentiation was detected. Two Peristenus sister species were supported by both sets of markers and separated temporally with P. mellipes emerging early in June and attacking the first generation of Lygus, and P. howardi emerging later in August and attacking the second generation of ...