Demographic and Health Survey 1998, South Africa - South Africa

Abstract
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The aim of the 1998 South Africa Demographic and Health Survey (SADHS) was to collect data for the National Health Information System of South Africa (NHIS/SA). The survey results are intended to assist policymakers and programme managers in evaluating and designing programmes and strategies for improving health services in the country.

Geographic coverage
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The survey had national coverage.

Analysis unit
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Households and individuals

Universe
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The 1998 South African Demographic and Health Survey (SADHS) covered the population living in private households in the country. It is only representative of women in South Africa between the ages of 15 and 49. An adult health module was also administered to a sample of adults aged 15 and over in half of the households selected for the main survey.

Kind of data
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Sample survey data

Sampling procedure
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The sample for the SADHS was selected in two stages. Due to confidentiality of the census data, the sampling was carried out by experts at the CSS according to specifications developed by members of the SADHS team. Within each stratum a two stage sample was selected. The primary sampling units (PSUs), corresponded to the EAs and will be selected with probability proportional to size (PPS), the size being the number of households residing in the EA, or where this was not available, the number of census visiting points in the EA. This led to 972 PSUs being selected for the SADHS (690 in urban areas and 282 in non-urban areas. Where provided by SSA, the lists of visiting points together with the households found in these visiting points, or alternatively a map of the EA which showed the households, was used as the frame for second-stage sampling to select the households to be visited by the SADHS interviewing teams during the main survey fieldwork.

Mode of data collection
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Face-to-face

Research instrument
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The survey collected data with three questionnaires: a Household Questionnaire, a Woman’s Questionnaire and an Adult Health Questionnaire. The Household and Woman's questionnaires were adapted from the DHS Model Questionnaires to meet the needs of South Africa's national and provincial Departments of Health. The Adult Health Questionnaire included questions to elicit data for reporting on the indicators of country progress towards the Millennium Development Goals.

Cleaning operations
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All completed questionnaires for the SADHS were submitted to the provincial offices of King Finance (who were in partnership with the Centre for Health Systems Research at the University of the Free State), which then forwarded them to the MRC for data processing. The questionnaires were processed at the Medical Research Council offices in Cape Town. The processing operation consisted of office editing, coding of open-ended questions, initial data entry and subsequent re-entry of all questionnaires to ensure correct data-capture, and finally editing inconsistencies found by the computer program. The SADHS data entry and editing programs were written using ISSA (Integrated System for Survey Analysis) by staff from Macro International. A small proportion of the questionnaires were returned to the field to complete missing information. Data processing commenced in mid-March 1998 and was completed in October 1998.

Response rate
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The results for the usual DHS schedule (women’s questionnaire) indicate that of 12,860 households selected in the survey, 95.2 percent were successfully interviewed. The main reasons for not successfully interviewing the households were refusals (1.8 percent), dwelling vacant (1 percent) and household absent (0.6 percent). The response rate at the household level was 97 percent. In these households there were 12,327 women aged 15-49, 95 percent of whom were successfully interviewed. The overall response rate for the women’s questionnaire is thus 92.3 percent

Sampling error estimates
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The computer software used to calculate sampling errors for the SADHS is the ISSA Sampling Error Module. This module used the Taylor linearisation method of variance estimation for survey estimates that are means or proportions. The Jackknife repeated replication method is used for variance estimation of more complex statistics such as fertility and mortality rates.

摘要
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1998年南非人口与健康调查（SADHS）的宗旨在于为南非国家健康信息系统（NHIS/SA）收集数据。调查结果旨在协助政策制定者和项目管理者评估和设计改善国家卫生服务的计划与策略。
地理覆盖范围
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调查覆盖全国。
分析单位
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家庭与个人
总体
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1998年南非人口与健康调查（SADHS）涵盖国内私人家庭中的居民。该调查仅代表15至49岁的南非女性。在主要调查所选家庭中，还对15岁及以上成年人进行了一项成人健康模块的调查。
数据类型
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样本调查数据
抽样程序
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SADHS的样本分为两个阶段选取。鉴于人口普查数据的保密性，抽样工作由CSS的专家根据SADHS团队成员制定的规范执行。在每个层内，进行了两阶段抽样。一级抽样单位（PSU）对应于EA，将以规模比例（PPS）进行选取，规模指居住在EA中的家庭数量，或在无法获取该数据的情况下，指EA中的普查访问点数量。这导致了972个PSU被选入SADHS（其中690个位于城市地区，282个位于非城市地区）。如果由SSA提供，则使用访问点列表以及在这些访问点中发现的家庭，或 alternatively，使用显示EA中家庭的地图作为第二阶段抽样框架，以选择SADHS访谈团队在主要调查现场工作期间要访问的家庭。
数据收集方式
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面对面访谈
研究工具
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调查通过三种问卷收集数据：家庭问卷、女性问卷和成人健康问卷。家庭和女性问卷是根据南非国家和省级卫生部门的需求，从DHS模型问卷中改编的。成人健康问卷包含旨在收集有关国家实现千年发展目标进展指标的数据的问题。
数据清理操作
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所有完成的SADHS问卷均提交给金财省办事处（该办事处与南非自由州大学健康系统研究中心合作），然后将其转发给MRC进行数据处理。问卷在开普敦的医学研究理事会办公室进行处理。处理操作包括办公室编辑、开放式问题的编码、初始数据录入以及随后的所有问卷的重新录入以确保正确数据捕获，最后由计算机程序编辑发现的任何不一致之处。SADHS数据录入和编辑程序由Macro International的员工使用ISSA（综合调查分析系统）编写。一小部分问卷被返回到现场以补充缺失信息。数据处理始于1998年3月中旬，并于10月完成。
响应率
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通常DHS日程（女性问卷）的结果表明，在调查中选出的12,860户家庭中，95.2％的家庭成功接受了访谈。未成功访谈家庭的主要原因包括拒绝（1.8％）、空置住宅（1％）和家庭缺席（0.6％）。家庭层面的响应率为97％。在这些家庭中，有12,327名15-49岁的女性，其中95％的女性成功接受了访谈。因此，女性问卷的整体响应率为92.3％。
抽样误差估计
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用于计算SADHS抽样误差的计算机软件是ISSA抽样误差模块。该模块使用Taylor线性化方法对调查估计的方差进行估计，这些估计是平均值或比例。对于更复杂的统计数据，如生育率和死亡率，使用Jackknife重复复制方法进行方差估计。