R script used for data analysis.

BackgroundLarge Language Models (LLMs) highlight their potential in supporting patient education and self-management. Their performance in responses to orthodontic questions has yet to be explored.ObjectivesThis study aims to compare the quality, empathy, readability, and satisfaction of responses from LLMs and search engines on common orthodontic questions.MethodsForty-five common orthodontic questions (six categories) and a prompt were developed, and a self-designed multidimensional evaluation questionnaire was constructed. Questions were presented to 5 LLMs and 3 search engines on December,22,2024. The primary outcomes were the median expert-rated scores of LLMs versus search engine responses on quality, empathy, readability, and satisfaction, using 5- or 10-point Likert scales.ResultsLLMs scored significantly higher than search engines in quality (4.00 vs. 3.50, p ConclusionsIn this cross-sectional study, the LLMs, particularly GPT-4o, outperformed search engines. These results indicate the potential of LLMs as supplementary tools for orthodontic patient education and self-management.