The learning gain over one school year among 15-year‑olds: An analysis of PISA data for Austria and Scotland (United Kingdom)

This paper compares the learning gain over one year of schooling among 15-year-old students in Austria and Scotland (United Kingdom). Common metrics for reading, mathematics and science learning, as established by the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA), are used. In order to overcome the limitations of a cross-sectional,...