A glioma immune cell atlas identifies prognostic macrophage signatures and a novel immunotherapy target, S100A4

Here, we report defining molecular signatures of immune-suppressive and inflammatory immune cells in human gliomas. We identified nine robust macrophage subtypes with distinct molecular signatures, each of which predicted good or poor survival for glioma patients. Our analysis of signature genes associated with immune suppressive macrophages, underscored S100A4 as a strong candidate for in vivo validation. Overall design: We performed multiregional sampling coupled with multidimensional analyses of 18 GBM patients. Each patient tumor was sampled from one or multiple regions, and each region was analyzed separately using droplet-based single-cell capture and sequencing. We analyzed a total of 201,986 cells that passed all QC from the 44 samples