Patient Characteristics, Preoperative Predictors and Postoperative Pain-related Outcomes (N = 42).

Patient characteristics, preoperative predictors and postoperative pain-related outcomes in a study designed to assess whether preoperative conditioned pain modulation and situational pain catastrophizing can predict measures of clinical postoperative pain.Data are presented as numbers (percentages), mean ± standard deviation or median [interquartile range] depending on distribution profile.n = number of observations if n is different from total (N = 42); kPa = kilopascal; STAI = state part of the Spielberger's State-Trait Anxiety Inventory; BDI = Beck's Depression Inventory; S-PCS = Situational Pain Catastrophizing Scale administered in connection with cold pressor test; PPT 1 = pressure pain threshold (test pain before cold pressor test); PPT 2 = pressure pain threshold (test pain after 120 s cold pressor test); CPM = conditioned pain modulation (i.e., difference between PPT 1 and PPT 2); CPTP = worst (maximum) pain intensity associated with cold pressor test; CPTU = worst (maximum) unpleasantness associated with cold pressor test; Cold pain detection = time to pain detection during cold pressor test; Cold pain tolerance = total hand immersion time during cold pressor test; Persistent postoperative pain = pain assessed according to responses to the Brief Pain Inventory – Short Form (BPI) at six months (POD 180); POD = postoperative day; PAR = postoperative pain at rest; MEP = postoperative movement-evoked pain; NRS 0–10 = 11-point numerical rating scale; Integrated analgesic assessment score = a composite measure of movement-evoked pain intensity and morphine consumption: Pain intensity scores and morphine consumption for each patient were rank ordered, subtracted from the mean rank, expressed as a percentage difference from the mean rank and added together (i.e., pain rank score + morphine rank score) to yield and integrated analgesic assessment score (ranging from −200 to +200%; with the highest positive score indicating the most pain).