A summary of the effects of combined exposure to high stress and high chemical in comparison to either one alone in 10 human studies.

To conclude that combined exposure is significantly associated with lower fetal growth than either exposure alone (high stress, low chemical & low stress, high chemical) we required a significant difference (denoted by “+”) between combined exposure and both individual exposures. Non-significant differences are denoted by “-“. Superscripts represent samples of the same population stratified by two chemical exposures.