The historical connection of the Arctic and Qinghai-Tibet Plateau floras and their asynchronous diversification in response to Cenozoic climate cooling

The Arctic and the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP) are two northern regions with the most extensive cold habitats on Earth and have undergone dramatic warming in recent decades. However, we know little about the historical connection of the Arctic and QTP biotas and their respective diversification processes. Here, we used Meconopsis and Oreomecon, an Arctic–QTP disjunct angiosperm genus pair with poor seed dispersal abilities, to shed light on the evolutionary connection of the Arctic and QTP floras and their respective diversification patterns. Our results show that the Meconopsis-Oreomecon clade colonized the Arctic from the QTP in the Late Eocene, suggesting the hitherto earliest known dispersal event between the two regions. The Arctic Oreomecon split from the QTP Meconopsis at ~34 Ma, associated with their climatic niche differentiation and aridification of the Asian interior. Although both Oreomecon and Meconopsis pre-adapted to open and low-temperature environments and had similar d..., , , # The historical connection of the Arctic and Qinghai-Tibet Plateau floras and their asynchronous diversification in response to Cenozoic climate cooling

Sequences: sequence alignments in FASTA format for each locus used in phylogenetic analyses.

MCC tree.tre: the time-calibrated phylogeny of the Old World Papavereae based on the five-locus dataset using BESAT software.

Bioclimatic data.csv: mean values of 19 bioclimatic variables for each species used in climatic niche analyses.

Note:
The 19 bioclimatic variables are coded as follows:
BIO1 = Annual Mean Temperature
BIO2 = Mean Diurnal Range (Mean of monthly (max temp - min temp))
BIO3 = Isothermality (BIO2/BIO7) (×100)
BIO4 = Temperature Seasonality (standard deviation ×100)
BIO5 = Max Temperature of Warmest Month
BIO6 = Min Temperature of Coldest Month
BIO7 = Temperature Annual Range (BIO5-BIO6)
BIO8 = Mean Temperature of Wettest Quarter
BIO9 = Mean Temperature of Driest Quarter
BIO10 = Mean Temperature of Warmest Quarter
BIO11 = ...