Global CO₂ Emissions and PM2.5 Dataset for Distribution Dynamics Analysis, 1990–2020

This dataset contains annual country-level observations of per capita carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions and fine particulate matter (PM2.5) concentrations covering the period 1990–2020. It was used to analyze the joint distribution dynamics of CO₂ emissions and PM2.5 pollution using Markov chain methods, mobility indices, ergodic distributions, spectral analysis, and environmental regime identification. Files included: CO2 per capita.csv – annual per capita CO₂ emissions by country. PM2.5.csv – annual PM2.5 concentration data by country. The dataset can be used for research on environmental dynamics, air pollution, climate change, convergence, distribution dynamics, Markov chains, and sustainability transitions.