Aerobic Glycolysis Transition Mediated by SMAD3 and HIF-1A as a Key Step for the Spontaneous Pluripotent Reprogramming of Spermatogonial Stem Cells

Our findings elucidate SMAD3's essential role in orchestrating glycometabolic pathways that drive SSC transformation, underscoring the necessity of aerobic glycolysis following SMAD3 inhibition for effective reprogramming. This study provides novel insights into the molecular determinants of SSC fate, emphasizing the interplay between energy metabolism and stem cell plasticity, with significant implications for reproductive biology and clinical medicine.