Types of DTPs.

Background
Drug therapy problems (DTPs) are common among patients suffering from chronic kidney disease (CKD). However, there is a lack of information about DTPs and its predictors among CKD patients from Pakistan.
Objectives
To evaluate the frequency, type and predictors of various types of DTPs among CKD patients at a tertiary-care hospital in Pakistan.
Methodology
This was a cross-sectional study carried out at Sandeman Provincial Hospital, Quetta between 1-11-2020 and 31-1-2021. It included 303 non-dialysis ambulatory patients of CKD-stage 3 and above. Cipolle et al., criterion was used for classifying the DTPs and a clinician at the study site checked the identified DTPs for accuracy. Data were analyzed by SPSS 23. Multivariate analysis was conducted to find the predictors of individual types of DTPs. A p-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Results
The patients received a total of 2265 drugs with a median of eight drugs per patient (range: 3–15 drugs). A total of 576 DTPs were identified among 86.1% patients with a median of two DTPs (interquartile range 1–3) per patient. Dosage too high (53.5%) was the most common DTP followed by adverse drug reactions (ADRs) (50.5%) and need of additional drug therapy (37.6%). In multivariate analysis, patients’ age of >40 years emerged as a predictor of unnecessary drug therapy and dosage too high. The odds of needing a different drug product was significantly high in patients with cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and diabetes mellitus (DM). The dosage too low had significant association with CVD. The risk of ADRs was significantly high in elderly patients (>60 years) and those with CVD. The presence of hypertension, DM and CKD stage-5 emerged as predictors of dosage too high.
Conclusion
This study revealed a high prevalence of DTPs among CKD patients. Targeted interventions in high risk patients may reduce the frequency of DTPs at the study site.