A double-headed Gly-Pro-Arg-Pro ligand mimics the functions of the E domain of fibrin for promoting the end-to-end crosslinking of γ chains by factor XIII(a)

The E domain of fibrinogen represents the central region of the protein that, after the removal of fibrinopeptides from the N-termini of its α chains by thrombin, orders the noncovalent assembly of fibrin units into a half-staggered array. This structural organization is accomplished purely through noncovalent binding between the E domain of one molecule and the distal D domains of two others. The process of assembly has a physiologically important up-regulatory effect on the next enzymatic phase of blood coagulation, which is the factor XIII(a)-catalyzed end-to-end ligation of the γ chains at the D domains of the protein. Fibrin assembly, as well as the acceleration of the factor XIII(a) reaction, could be prevented by Gly-Pro-Arg-Pro, a homologue of the natural sequence of amino acids at the N termini of α chains in the E domain. We have now succeeded with a simple double-headed ligand, bis(Gly-Pro-Arg-Pro-amido)polyethylene glycol, in fully replacing the regulatory functions of the large E domains of the native protein.