European CO₂ Emission Dataset (2012–2021): A CESI‑Based High‑Resolution Product

This dataset contains annual, gridded estimates of CO₂ emissions across Europe at 500-meter spatial resolution for the period 2012–2021. The data are presented in GeoTIFF format, with each annual file representing pixel-level CO₂ emission amounts. The estimates cover all European countries and are derived from a satellite-based modeling framework that integrates nighttime light and vegetation index data. File naming convention: CO2_Europe_YYYY.tif (e.g., CO2_Europe_2021.tif) Coordinate system: WGS 84 / Mercator projection Spatial extent: Europe (full coverage) Temporal coverage: 2012–2021 (10 annual layers) Data format: GeoTIFF, 32-bit float Unit: 10⁴ tons per pixel (万吨/像素) Interpretation: Each pixel value represents the total CO₂ emissions (in 10⁴ tons) within that 0.25 km² grid cell. This dataset is intended for use in spatiotemporal carbon emission analysis, environmental policy assessment, and regional climate change research.