Supplementary Data: Recurrent disturbance overrides event intensity in shaping wild boar adaptive spatial responses to collective hunting

Wild boar (Sus scrofa) populations have expanded across Europe, generating conflicts with human activities and increasing the need for effective management strategies. Hunting is the primary management tool applied to this species, yet its behavioral consequences remain poorly understood, particularly in Mediterranean ecosystems where distinct collective hunting modalities coexist. Here, we disentangle the effects of disturbance intensity and frequency on wild boar movement ecology using high-resolution GPS data from three study areas in Spain. We compared responses to two collective hunting systems: montería (high intensity, low frequency) and battue (lower intensity, high frequency), analyzing weekly movement and space use metrics with linear mixed models. During the hunting week, individuals showed a consistent fleeing response across both modalities, characterized by increased locomotion speed, maximum displacement, and disruption of the diurnal resting. Battue-exposed individuals showed greater core area instability beyond the hunting week than montería-exposed individuals, likely reflecting a sustained spatial insecurity generated by the repeated disturbance. Repeated exposure to battue hunting was associated with progressive behavioral adaptation. Rather than maintaining prolonged escape responses, wild boar increasingly adopted a hiding strategy, characterized by shorter transit times, straighter movement paths, and higher travel speeds. This pattern suggests behavioral learning, whereby individuals minimize the duration of exposure to hunting risk while efficiently reaching safe cover. Sex also modulated the post-hunt response, with females recovering baseline patterns more rapidly than males, showing a briefer fleeing response. These findings demonstrate that disturbance intensity and frequency operate through partially distinct behavioral mechanisms at different temporal scales. Therefore, wild boar hunting regimes should be designed considering their behavioral effects, optimizing disturbance frequency and intensity to maximize sustainable harvest while limiting movement-mediated human-wildlife conflicts, such as traffic accidents, crop damage or pathogen spread.