Group characteristics of patients with T1DM and control subjects.

aGroup differences were tested by independent t-tests or χ2 tests appropriately.bAverage value of HbA1C, grouped and time-weighted every 4 years for the duration of illness.cA severe hypoglycemic episode was defined as an event that leads to a coma, seizure, or unconsciousness according to the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group Criteria.Abbreviations: T1DM, type 1 diabetes mellitus; SD, standard deviation; HbA1C, hemoglobin A1C; NA, not available or not applicable.