General characteristics of the study population (n = 3383)a.

BMI = body mass index, SDS = standard deviation scores.aValues are percentages or means (SD) for the total population and by level of maternal education.bP-values are calculated with the Chi-square test for categorical variables and ANOVA for continuous variables.cData were missing for parity (2.4%), gestational age (0.1%), smoking during pregnancy (14.5%), alcohol use during pregnancy (14.1%), gestational diabetes (3.3%), maternal height (7.9%), pre-pregnancy BMI (20%), paternal height (17.0%), psychopathology (18.2%), financial difficulties (9.9%), pregnancy planned (5.2%),height SDS at 1 (30.9%), 3 (36.2%), 6 (17.0%) and 11(14.4%) months, weight at 1 (18.0%), 3 (25.9%), 6 (6.7%) and 11 (14.2%) months and breastfeeding (5.7%).