Summary of key simulation model parameters and assumptions.

aIn the base case, we use average income among the bottom 80% to calculate the economic benefits from mortality reductions; in sensitivity analysis we also explore using overall average income (see Figure S3 for one-way effects of different parameter assumptions on results).bDetails of the empirical model for the VSL are available in the materials S1.cLong-term growth corresponds to growth over the period 1950–2008; short-term is over the period 1990–2008.