ORs for the prevalence of poor sleepa in each quintile of dietary rice, bread, and noodle intake as well as dietary glycemic index and glycemic load.

GI, glycemic index; GL, glycemic load, CI, confidence interval; SD, standard deviation; OR: odds ratio; PSQI-J: Japanese version of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index; Q: quintile;aA PSQI-J global score >5.5 indicate poor sleep.bThe χ2 test was used to analyze the prevalence of poor sleep, and logistic regression analysis was used to assess the linear trends of ORs by using the median value of each quintile.cDifferences of SD for rice, bread, noodles, dietary GI, and dietary GL were 69.1 g/1,000 kcal, 26.2 g/1,000 kcal, 32.8 g/1,000 kcal, 3.9, and 43.8/1,000 kcal, respectively.dMultivariate models included age (continuous), sex (continuous), Body mass index (kg/m2; continuous), smoking status (i.e., current, previous, or never; dummy variable), habitual exercise (MET-h/week; continuous), alcohol consumption (percentage of energy; continuous), frequency of breakfast consumption (i.e., 0–3, 4–6, or 7 days/week; dummy variable), rice intake (for the multivariate analyses of bread and noodles; continuous), bread intake (for the multivariate analyses of rice and noodles; continuous), and noodle intake (for the multivariate analyses of rice and bread; continuous).