Relationships between professional attitudes/quality improvement actions, and response towards colleagues’ underperformance.

1Multivariate linear mixed model with random intercept by hospital, adjusted for fixed effects at the country level (country), hospital level (number of beds, teaching status, and ownership) and patient level (gender and age).2Additionally adjusted for professional attitudes index.3Professional quality improvement actions modeled as a sum of the yes/no questions QA1–QA3 (range 0–3). Coefficient corresponds to a 1 unit increase (one additional “Yes” response to the question series).