LPGAP = SD: ANER; LD: TIMSS 2019 for grade 4 using MPL Low (400 points) for scie;

This indicator uses the Minimum Proficiency Levels (MPLs) defined by the Global Alliance to Monitor Learning (GAML) led by the UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS) in the context of the SDG 4.1.1 monitoring, which established learning benchmarks across different cross-national and national assessments. For more information please see Azevedo, Joao Pedro. 2020. Learning Poverty: Measures and Simulations. Policy Research Working Paper;No. 9446. World Bank, Washington, DC. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/34654