Effect of bioactive black phosphorus nanomaterials on cancer-associated fibroblast heterogeneity in pancreatic cancer

Tumour-stromal interactions and stromal heterogeneity in the tumour microenvironment are critical factors that influence the progression, metastasis, and chemoresistance of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Here we used spatial transcriptome technology to profile the gene expression landscape of PDAC after bioactive black phosphorus nanomaterial (bioactive BP) treatment using a murine model of PDAC. Bioinformatic and biochemical analyses showed that bioactive BP contributes to the tumour-stromal interplay by suppressing cancer-associated fibroblast (CAF) activation. Our study demonstrates the influence of bioactive BP on tumour-stromal interactions and CAF heterogeneity and suggest bioactive BP as a potential PDAC treatment.