Sampling techniques for the collection of biological materials from artworks

In this study, artworks believed to be from 300-500 years old were used as experimental subjects for the recovery of biological samples and subsequent downstream DNA testing. Three methods, namely swabbing, core punching, and wet vacuuming, were employed to collect biological samples from the artworks. Subsequently, DNA isolation was performed, followed by the preparation of a full-length 16S rRNA (V1-V9) library and sequencing to analyze the microbiome of the artwork.