Data and code for: "The United States of Europe: A gravity model evaluation of the four freedoms"

In this essay, we ask if Europe is approaching the levels of economic integration in terms of these four freedoms found between the United States of America. We report here a body of quantitative evidence suggesting that by several important metrics, European states have matched or surpassed the levels of openness prevailing between the 50 states of the United States. Furthermore, we find that increased integration within Europe has come from lower intra-European barriers, rather than the rise of a "Fortress Europe'' excluding external flows.