Populations and germplasm samples used in this study.

*First publication that refers to the population **No. of SNP filtered for subsequent analyses. Please refer to the text for filtering criteria. For VxL, two sets of filtering criteria were used. The only difference between the filtering criteria sets is the heterozygosity level: 8% or 13% (SNP number is between brackets). For IOI, only markers passing filtering criteria with a map position were reported in the table.