Table 2 in New fossil remains from the Pliocene Koetoi Formation of northern Japan provide insights into growth rates and the vertebral evolution of porpoises

Table 2. Vertebral traits analysed in this study. Abbreviations: CL, length of centrum; CH, height of anterior articular surface of centrum; [], character number used in previous studies.
CharacterSource1Cervical vertebraeunfused (0); only atlas and axis fused (1); C1–C3 or C1–C4 fused (2); C1–C6 or C1–C7 fused (3)Murakami et al. 2012b [220]2Number of thoracic vertebrae9-11 (0); 12–14 (1); ≥ 15 (2)Murakami et al. 2012b [222]3Number of lumbar vertebrae7 (0); 9–13 (1); 14–19 (2); 24–27 (3)Murakami et al. 2012b [227]4Number of caudal vertebrae21–26 (0); 27–33 (1); 41–49 (2)Murakami et al. 2012b [228]5Lumbar count> thoracic countabsent (0); present (1)Buchholtz and Schur 20046Length of cervicals (C1–C7) as percent of height of vertebral body plus neural canal of atlaslong,>150% (0); short, <150% (1)Murakami et al. 2012b [221]7Ratio of CL/CH in thoracic vertebrae> 1.20 in more than one vertebra (0);> 0.95 in several vertebrae (1); <0.75 in all vertebrae (2)Buchholtz and Schur 2004 [12]8Ratio of CL/CH in lumbar vertebrae> 1.20 in more than one vertebra (0);> 0.95 in more than one vertebra (1); <0.95 in all vertebrae (2); <0.75 in all vertebrae (3)Buchholtz and Schur 2004 [12]9Length of tail stock CL of torso (lumbar + caudal vertebrae anterior to tail stock)> CL of tail stock (0); secondary rise in tail stock CL (1)Buchholtz and Schur 2004 [6]10All thoracics and lumbars amphicelousabsent (0);present (1)Buchholtz and Schur 200411Bulbous or triangular transverse process of lumbarspresent (0); absent (1)Murakami et al. 2012b [225]12Height of neural spines in posterior thoracics and anterior lumbars (greatest height of vertebrae/CH)<4.0 (0); between 4.0 and 5.0 (1);>5.0 (2)13Orientations of neural spines in posterior thoracic and lumbar vertebraestrongly posteriorly inclined (0); posteriorly inclined or vertically standing (1); several neural spines inclined anteriorly = syncliny (2)Buchholtz and Schur 2004 [5]14Regional anterior inclination of neural archesabsent (0); present (1)Buchholtz and Schur 2004 [1]15Metapophysestorso metapophyses uniformly present (0); regional absence of torso metapophyses (1)Buchholtz and Schur 2004 [8]16Regionally elevated metapophysesabsent (0); present (1)Buchholtz and Schur 2004 [1]