The conventional genetic basis for obesity is impacted by adverse childhood experiences: a multi-ethnic study of gene-environment effects

Adverse Childhood Experiences are stressful and traumatic events occurring
before the age of eighteen known to cause mental and physical health
problems, including increased risk of obesity. Obesity remains an ongoing
national challenge with no predicted solution.  We examine a
subset of the Healthy Nevada Project, focusing on a multi-ethnic cohort of
15,886 sequenced participants with recalled adverse childhood events to
study how ACEs and their genotype-environment interactions affect BMI.
Specifically, the Healthy Nevada Project participants sequenced by the
Helix Exome+ platform were cross-referenced to their electronic medical
records and social health determinants questionnaire to identify: (1) the
effect of ACEs on BMI in the absence of genetics; (2) the effect of
genotype-environment interactions on BMI; (3) how these gene-environment
interactions differ from canonical genetic associations of BMI. 
The study found very strong significant associations between the number of
adverse childhood experiences and adult obesity. Additionally, we
identified fifty-five common and rare variants that exhibited
gene-interaction effects including three variants in the CAMK1D gene and
four variants in LHPP; both genes are linked to schizophrenia.
Surprisingly, none of the variants identified with interactive effects
were in canonical obesity-related genes. Here we show the delicate balance
between genes and environment, and how the two strongly influence each
other.