Positive Personalities and L2 Achievement: The Mediating Role of Positive Emotions

The instrument is a web-based questionnaire primarily comprising three scales and one demographic information section. The first scale is the Chinese-language TA scale developed based on Herman et al. (2010) through the translation and back-translation procedure, including 12 items on a nine-point Likert scales (1 = “strongly disagree” to 9 = “strongly agree”). To measure L2 enjoyment, the second scale of our instrument was adapted based on nine items from the Chinese-language version of Achievement Emotion Questionnaire (AEQ; Frenzel et al., 2007) , on a nine-point Likert scales (1 = “strongly disagree” to 9 = “strongly agree”). The third scale aims to measure L2 achievement with a four-item Likert-scale. Different from other nine-point scales, we employed six-point scale because we determined to provide the description as per the six levels defined by the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR).