Social-Ecological Factors Associated with AI Chatbot Use and Dependence

With the rapid rise of artificial intelligence (AI) chatbots like ChatGPT, concerns about their overuse and potential psychological impacts are growing. This study investigates social-ecological factors associated with the use and dependence on AI chatbots. A cross-sectional online survey was conducted with 981 participants in China. Variables across four dimensions – individual characteristics, individual behaviors, interpersonal networks, and regional factors – were analyzed using generalized linear models. Results showed that AI chatbot use was positively associated with urban residence, regular exercise, solitary leisure preferences, younger age, higher education, and longer sleep duration. Usage frequency was linked to regular sleep patterns, efficient work habits, younger age, higher family income, larger social networks, and fewer family members. Problematic use and dependence were more likely among males, science majors, individuals with regular exercise and sleep patterns, and those from regions with lower employment rates. These findings offer theoretical and practical insights for future research, including variable selection, stratified sampling, and targeted interventions.