WACCM-X Simulations of the Mother's Day superstorm

Two parallel WACCM-X simulations were conducted to isolate geomagnetic forcing on MLT temperatures during the 10 May 2024 CME-driven storm. In one run, the model was driven by the observed Kp index; in the other, Kp was fixed at 2.0 from 09:00 UT on 10 May until 00:00 UT on 14 May, representing a quiet‐time baseline. All initial conditions and lower‐boundary drivers were identical between experiments, so that their difference directly quantifies the storm‐time geomagnetic impact on the 90–110 km MLT region.