Supplementary data

The accumulation of HMs in soil is significantly influenced by multiple factors. Drawing on the “source-sink” theory, data availability, and local geographical and environmental conditions, the influencing factors collected in this study included three categories: (1) natural factors [①geographical characteristics [longitude (long), latitude (lat), elevation (DEM), slope, and lithology]; ②soil properties [pH, cation exchange capacity (CEC), soil texture (sand, silt, and clay), soil organic matter (SOM)]]; ③climate factors [temperature (Temp) and precipitation (Precip)]; (2) industrial factors [①distance factors [road distance (RD) and mine distance (MD)]; ②environmental factors (PM2.5 andPM10)]; (3) agricultural factors [fertilizer and pesticide factors [nitrogen fertilizer (NF) and pesticide]] (Figs. S1-S3 and Table S1). A total of 19 influencing factors were selected as influencing factors to establish a dataset, and conduct quantitative contribution assessment of each factor’s contribution to HM accumulation in soil.