Data from figure 2D, Figure 5B, 5C, 5D and Supplementary Figure 4

The intestinal mucosa plays a vital role in nutrient absorption, drug metabolism, and pathogen defence. Advances in single-cell technologies have highlighted the specialised roles of various cell types that execute these diverse functions. Aside from intestinal epithelial cells, fibroblasts play an essential role in regulating the extracellular matrix and controlling proinflammatory signalling, and antigen-presenting cells (macrophages and dendritic cells) maintain intestinal homeostasis and immune responses. The incorporation of such cellular complexity within the existing in vitro models of the human intestine is currently challenging. To address this, we developed a human intestinal model that accurately mimics the mucosal cellular environment comprising intestinal epithelial cells, intestinal fibroblasts, and antigen presenting cells. This model includes co-cultures of adult and foetal cells, facilitating studies on barrier function, inflammation, and viral infections. It replicates extracellular matrix deposition, Paneth cell differentiation, immune interactions, and can be used to model host pathogen interactions. Our advanced co-culture model improves the physiological relevance of in vitro studies, enabling the exploration of epithelial-mesenchymal-immune crosstalk and its role in intestinal health and disease.