Supplementary data for the publication "Monolithic Gyroidal Solid Oxide Cells by Additive Manufacturing"

Solid Oxide Cells are the paragon of high-efficiency electrochemical energy conversion. However, they are constrained by the limitations inherent in the mechanical weakness of metal oxides and complexity in manufacturing techniques, and their architecture has primarily been confined to planar designs, with little to no innovation over the past several decades. The conventional high-energy density planar SOC stack design requires complex multimaterial components assembly procedures, including metals and ceramics, leading to reduced compactness and high specific weight. In this study, we escape the bidimensional paradigm and adopt a true tridimensional design based on the triple periodic minimal surface (TPMS) structures. Leveraging the resolution and accuracy offered by additive manufacturing, we demonstrate a monolithic SOC featuring geometrically TPMS gyroidal electrochemical cells. The monolith achieves optimal spatial utilization, exceptional mass-specific indexes, a straightforward manufacturing procedure, and a new level of electro-chemo-mechanical stability, advancing the SOC technology to novel potential frontiers.