Inkjet-printed metal oxide nanoparticles on elastomer for strain-adaptive transmissive electrochromic energy storage systems

The emergence of soft energy devices provides new possibilities for various applications, it also creates significant challenges in the selection of structural design and material compatibility. Herein, we demonstrate a stretchable transmissive electrochromic energy storage device by inkjet-printing single layer of WO₃ nanoparticles on an elastomeric transparent conductor. Such hybrid electrode is highly conductive and deformable, making it an excellent candidate for the application: large optical modulation of 40%, fast switching speed (<4.5 s), high coloration efficiency (75.5 cm² C⁻¹), good stability and high specific capacity (32.3 mAh g⁻¹ and 44.8 mAh cm⁻³). The device consists of WO₃-based hybrid electrode and polyaniline/carbon nanotubes composite electrode. It maintains excellent electrochromic and energy storage performance even when stretched up to 50%, and achieves a maximum areal energy density of 0.61 μWh cm⁻² and power density of 0.83 mW cm⁻², which is one of the highest values in stretchable transparent energy storage devices. A device featuring stretchable transparent nanowires based electrode is illustrated as an energy indicator in which the stored energy can be monitored via reversible color variation. This high performance and multifunctional electrochromic energy storage device is a promising candidate for deformable and wearable electronics.