Empowering Women in Small-Scale Fisheries for Sustainable Food Systems 2022 - Namibia

Abstract
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To support sustainable food systems and nutrition, the Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation (NORAD) provided funding to FAO to support initial project activities in five countries (Sierra Leone, Malawi, Ghana, Uganda, Tanzania) with a focus on strengthening women's roles in the small-scale fisheries post-harvest sector between 2020-2021. In extension to this project, the FAO Flexible Voluntary Contributions fund (FVC) provided funding from 2021-2023, expanding the project implementation to four more countries (Indonesia, Madagascar, Namibia and the Philippines) for a total of nine countries. In general, the project conducted a baseline survey as well as a needs assessment and mapping of women's organizations. However, for Namibia only a baseline survey was conducted, using three survey instruments to capture information from various stakeholders. They include:

Baseline Individual/Household level Survey: The baseline study conducted for this project included individual intercept surveys targeting women as actors in small-scale fisheries value chains. The purpose of the survey was to understand both the individual respondent (i.e., the woman) and her household's involvement in fisheries, how they acquire and consume fish, their experiences of food security and dietary practices, and participation in fisheries governance and organizations. Approximately 300 women were surveyed per country. This study was conducted for baseline monitoring and evaluation of the FVC project “Implementing the Small-Scale Fisheries Guidelines for Gender-Equitable and Climate-Resilient Food Systems and Livelihoods” (FMM/GLO/155/MUL).

Baseline Focus group discussions: Focus group discussions were held in each landing site alongside data collection using other survey instruments. The purpose of the focus group discussions was to elicit qualitative data reflecting the opinions of women from the same fish landing sites on key issues affecting their work, status, and roles in the sector. This included their opinions of discrimination or harassment against women, their voice in decision-making and ability to influence fisheries governance, changes in gender relations over time, and their access to training, facilities, and assets needed to conduct their fisheries activities. This study was conducted for baseline monitoring and evaluation of the FVC project “Implementing the Small-Scale Fisheries Guidelines for Gender-Equitable and Climate-Resilient Food Systems and Livelihoods” (FMM/GLO/155/MUL).

Baseline Key Informant Interviews with Individuals (with policy-level influence in the small-scale fishing sector): The baseline study conducted for this project included key informant interviews with those in policy, programme, or other similar levels of sector influence (e.g., Policy Makers, Government, Projects, Programmes working on social and health interventions in fishing communities). The purpose of the key informant interviews was to understand the opinion of respondents on local diet and eating patterns of the community, women's empowerment, and facilities that serve fish workers. In addition, the questions sought to gain an understanding of what is already known at decision-making levels in regards to the FAO SSF Guidelines and knowledge of fishing community's capacity building needs and how learning and technological change occurs. This study was conducted for baseline monitoring and evaluation of the FVC project “Implementing the Small-Scale Fisheries Guidelines for Gender-Equitable and Climate-Resilient Food Systems and Livelihoods” (FMM/GLO/155/MUL).

Geographic coverage
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National coverage of coastal areas of high importance to fisheries, including both inland and marine fisheries (where relevant) and both major and minor water bodies. A sample of coastal regions or districts that met these criteria and represented the diversity of fisheries in the country was chosen (non-random sample).

Analysis unit
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Individuals, Households, Focus Groups

Universe
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Individual/Household level: Women who work in small-scale fishing value chains (harvest, post-harvest processing or trade).

Focus groups: Women who work in small-scale fisheries.

Individuals (with policy-level influence in the small-scale fishing sector): Policy-level actors in the fishing sector. This includes government and non-governmental personnel working in fisheries, environment, or gender and development themes that impact fishing communities.

Kind of data
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Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure
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Individual/household level: - Sample size: 300 individuals per country - Selection process: Surveys were conducted as intercept surveys at fish landing sites, markets and within fishing communities. - Stratification: By district and landing site. The target number of surveys per country (300) was divided by the number of landing sites chosen for the study.

Focus groups: - Non-random sample of women chosen opportunistically (based on availability) to participate in a small group, focus group discussions. Typically 2 focus group discussions were held in each district or region where data collection occurred for the larger, baseline assessment of the project. Individuals (with policy-level influence in the small-scale fishing sector):

Survey sampling for key informant interviews was purposive, selecting individuals who were known to be knowledgeable about relevant policy issues impacting fishing communities that were of interest to the project (e.g., nutrition, gender issues, leadership, decision-making). These individuals were identified based on the expert knowledge of the National Project Coordinator with input from the government and influential local leaders. Approximately 10 key informants were surveyed per country, with 1-3 individuals interviewed per district/region.

Sampling deviation
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At the organizational level, the individual groups selected for the survey were not chosen randomly, instead, they were chosen for interviews based on their availability at the time of data collection and ease of contact.

Mode of data collection
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Computer Assisted Personal Interview [capi]

Research instrument
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Individual/Household level: - Questionnaire used: Empowering Women in Small Scale Fisheries for Sustainable Food Systems Individual Questionnaire. - Language: English.
Focus Groups level: - Questionnaire used: Empowering Women in Small Scale Fisheries for Sustainable Food Systems Focus Groups Discussions Questionnaire. - Language: English.
Key Informants Interview: - Questionnaire used: Baseline KII survey - Language: English.

Cleaning operations
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Individual/household level: Data editing took place at two stages: 1. Enumerators visually checked surveys entered before finalizing the survey entry. 2. The consultant analyzing the data for internal reports made visual checks of the data and needed corrections

摘要
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为促进可持续的食品体系和营养，挪威发展合作署（NORAD）资助了联合国粮食及农业组织（FAO），以支持在2020-2021年间五个国家（塞拉利昂、马拉维、加纳、乌干达、坦桑尼亚）的初步项目活动，重点在于加强女性在小规模渔业产后领域的角色。在此项目的基础上，FAO灵活自愿捐款基金（FVC）从2021-2023年提供了资金，将项目实施扩展到另外四个国家（印度尼西亚、马达加斯加、纳米比亚和菲律宾），共计九个国家。总体而言，该项目进行了基线调查以及女性组织的需求评估和映射。然而，在纳米比亚仅进行了基线调查，使用了三种调查工具来收集来自各利益相关者的信息。这些工具包括：

基线个体/家庭水平调查：本项目进行的基线研究包括针对作为小规模渔业价值链参与者的女性进行的拦截调查。调查的目的是了解受访者（即女性）及其家庭在渔业中的参与情况，他们如何获取和消费鱼类，他们在食品安全和饮食习惯方面的经验，以及他们在渔业治理和组织中的参与情况。每个国家约有300名女性接受了调查。本研究是为基线监测和评估FVC项目“实施小规模渔业性别平等和气候适应性食品体系和生计指南”（FMM/GLO/155/MUL）而进行的。

基线焦点小组讨论：在每个渔港附近进行数据收集的同时，举办了焦点小组讨论。焦点小组讨论的目的是收集定性数据，反映来自同一渔港女性的观点，关于影响她们工作、地位和在该领域角色的关键问题。这包括她们对女性歧视或骚扰的看法，她们在决策中的发言权和影响渔业治理的能力，性别关系随时间的变化，以及她们获取进行渔业活动所需的培训、设施和资产的情况。本研究是为基线监测和评估FVC项目“实施小规模渔业性别平等和气候适应性食品体系和生计指南”（FMM/GLO/155/MUL）而进行的。

基线关键信息提供者访谈：本项目进行的基线研究包括与在政策、项目或其他类似级别的行业影响力中的人士（例如，政策制定者、政府、在渔业社区开展社会和健康干预措施的项目和计划）进行的访谈。访谈的目的是了解受访者在地方饮食习惯、社区女性赋权以及服务于渔业工人的设施方面的观点。此外，问题旨在了解决策层面已知关于FAO小规模渔业指南的内容，以及渔业社区能力建设需求的知识，以及学习和技术变革的发生方式。本研究是为基线监测和评估FVC项目“实施小规模渔业性别平等和气候适应性食品体系和生计指南”（FMM/GLO/155/MUL）而进行的。

地理覆盖范围
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渔业重要性较高的沿海地区的国家覆盖范围，包括内陆和海洋渔业（如有必要）以及主要和次要水体。选择了符合这些标准并代表该国渔业多样性的沿海地区或区镇的样本（非随机样本）。

分析单位
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个体、家庭、焦点小组

总体
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个体/家庭水平：在小规模渔业价值链（捕捞、产后加工或贸易）中工作的女性。

焦点小组：在小规模渔业中工作的女性。

个体（在小规模渔业领域具有政策影响力）：渔业领域的政策层面行动者。这包括在渔业、环境或性别和开发主题中工作的政府和非政府人员，这些主题影响渔业社区。

数据类型
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样本调查数据 [ssd]

抽样程序
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个体/家庭水平：
- 样本量：每个国家300人
- 选择过程：在渔港、市场和渔业社区进行拦截调查。
- 分层：按区和渔港。每个国家（300）的目标调查数量被除以选择的研究渔港数量。

焦点小组：
- 非随机样本的女性，根据可用性选择参与小型焦点小组讨论。

个体（在小规模渔业领域具有政策影响力）：关键信息提供者访谈的抽样是有目的的，选择那些已知对项目感兴趣的相关政策问题具有知识的人（例如，营养、性别问题、领导力、决策）。这些个人是根据国家项目协调员的专家知识以及政府和高影响力的地方领导人的意见确定的。每个国家约有10名关键信息提供者接受了调查，每个区/地区/区域/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/地区/