HadUK-Grid Gridded Climate Observations on a 1km grid over the UK, v1.3.0.ceda (1836-2023)

HadUK-Grid is a collection of gridded climate variables derived from the network of UK land surface observations. The data have been interpolated from meteorological station data onto a uniform grid to provide complete and consistent coverage across the UK. The datasets cover the UK at 1 km x 1 km resolution. These 1 km x 1 km data have been used to provide a range of other resolutions and across countries, administrative regions and river basins to allow for comparison to data from UKCP18 climate projections. The dataset spans the period from 1836 to 2023, but the start time is dependent on climate variable and temporal resolution.

The gridded data are produced for daily, monthly, seasonal and annual timescales, as well as long term averages for a set of climatological reference periods. Variables include air temperature (maximum, minimum and mean), precipitation, sunshine, mean sea level pressure, wind speed, relative humidity, vapour pressure, days of snow lying, and days of ground frost.

This data set supersedes the previous versions of this dataset which also superseded UKCP09 gridded observations. Subsequent versions may be released in due course and will follow the version numbering as outlined by Hollis et al. (2018, see linked documentation).

The changes for v1.3.0.ceda HadUK-Grid datasets are as follows:

* Added data for calendar year 2023

* Added newly digitised data for daily rainfall (62 Scottish stations for 1945-1960)

* Daily rainfall data for Bolton, 1916-1919 have been corrected (previous values were corrupted and needed redigitising)

* Daily rainfall data for Buxton, 1960 have been corrected (conversion from inches to mm had been applied incorrectly)

* Rainfall data from EA and SEPA APIs are included for the last three months of the dataset (Oct-Dec 2023) (for all earlier months the rainfall data from partner agencies is obtained from the Met Office's MIDAS database)

* The number of stations used for groundfrost, sunshine and windspeed have reduced at different points in the historical series when comparing v1.3.0.ceda to the previous version v1.2.0.ceda. These reductions in station numbers have been caused by changes made in the data processing steps upstream of the gridding process.

* For groundfrost this reduction has been caused by an automated quality control process flagging the historical data which have been removed as suspect (mostly affecting data from 1961 to 1970).

* For sunshine the small reduction in the 1960s has been caused by the removal of digitized monthly sunshine data through this period where we wish to reverify the data source.

* For windspeed the reduction from 1969 to 2010 has been caused by changes to rules applied relating to data completeness when compiling daily mean windspeeds, which in turn have followed through to monthly statistics.

* We plan to carry out a review of the data which have been excluded from this version. Some of it may be reintroduced in a future release.

* Net changes to the input station data:

- Total of 126970983 observations
- 125384735 (98.75%) unchanged
- 28487 (0.02%) modified for this version
- 1557761 (1.23%) added in this version
- 188522 (0.15%) deleted from this version

The primary purpose of these data are to facilitate monitoring of UK climate and research into climate change, impacts and adaptation. The datasets have been created by the Met Office with financial support from the Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy (BEIS) and Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA) in order to support the Public Weather Service Customer Group (PWSCG), the Hadley Centre Climate Programme, and the UK Climate Projections (UKCP18) project. The output from a number of data recovery activities relating to 19th and early 20th Century data have been used in the creation of this dataset, these activities were supported by: the Met Office Hadley Centre Climate Programme; the Natural Environment Research Council project "Analysis of historic drought and water scarcity in the UK"; the UK Research & Innovation (UKRI) Strategic Priorities Fund UK Climate Resilience programme; The UK Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) Public Engagement programme; the National Centre for Atmospheric Science; National Centre for Atmospheric Science and the NERC GloSAT project; and the contribution of many thousands of public volunteers. The dataset is provided under Open Government Licence.

HadUK-Grid是一套基于英国陆面观测网络构建的网格化气候变量数据集（HadUK-Grid）。该数据集将气象站观测数据插值至统一网格，以实现英国全境的完整且一致的空间覆盖，采用1千米×1千米的空间分辨率覆盖英国全域。依托这套1千米×1千米的基础数据，可生成多种其他分辨率的数据集，并可适配国家、行政区以及流域等不同空间尺度，以便与英国气候预估18（UKCP18）的相关数据进行对比分析。数据集的时间跨度为1836年至2023年，但具体起始时间取决于气候变量类型与时间分辨率。

该网格化数据支持日、月、季、年等多时间尺度，同时还提供了多套气候参考时段的长期平均值。涵盖的变量包括：气温（最高、最低与平均气温）、降水量、日照时数、平均海平面气压、风速、相对湿度、水汽压、积雪日数以及地面霜冻日数。

本数据集替代了此前的版本，而此前版本亦已替代英国气候预估09（UKCP09）网格化观测数据集。后续版本将适时发布，并将遵循Hollis等人（2018年，详见关联文档）所规定的版本编号规则。

HadUK-Grid v1.3.0.ceda版本的更新内容如下：
* 新增2023日历年的观测数据
* 新增1945年至1960年苏格兰62个气象站的逐日降水数字化数据
* 修正了博尔顿1916年至1919年的逐日降水数据（此前数据已损坏，需重新数字化）
* 修正了巴克斯顿1960年的逐日降水数据（此前英寸转毫米的换算操作存在错误）
* 新增英格兰环境署（Environment Agency, EA）与苏格兰环境保护局（Scottish Environment Protection Agency, SEPA）API接口提供的2023年最后三个月（10月至12月）降水数据（此前所有月份的降水数据均从合作伙伴机构获取，源自英国气象局MIDAS数据库）
* 相较于上一版本v1.2.0.ceda，v1.3.0.ceda版本中用于地面霜冻、日照与风速计算的气象站数量在历史序列的不同时段有所减少，该变化源于网格化处理上游环节的数据处理流程调整。
* 地面霜冻数据的站数减少，是因为自动化质量控制流程将部分历史数据标记为可疑数据并予以移除（主要影响1961年至1970年的数据集）。
* 日照数据在20世纪60年代的小幅减少，是因为本团队计划重新核验该时段的数字化月日照数据来源，故暂移除了对应时段的数据。
* 风速数据在1969年至2010年期间的站数减少，是因为编制逐日平均风速时采用的数据完整性审核规则发生了调整，该调整亦传导至了月均风速统计结果。
* 本团队计划对本版本中被移除的数据开展复核，部分数据有望在后续版本中重新纳入。
* 输入气象站数据的净变化情况如下：
- 总观测记录数达126,970,983条
- 125,384,735条（占比98.75%）未发生变更
- 28,487条（占比0.02%）在本版本中完成修正
- 1,557,761条（占比1.23%）为新增观测记录
- 188,522条（占比0.15%）在本版本中被移除

本数据集的核心用途为支持英国气候监测以及气候变化、气候影响与气候适应相关研究。本数据集由英国气象局（Met Office）牵头构建，获得了英国商业、能源与工业战略部（Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy, BEIS）以及英国环境、食品与农村事务部（Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, DEFRA）的经费支持，旨在为公共气象服务客户组（Public Weather Service Customer Group, PWSCG）、哈德利中心气候计划以及英国气候预估18（UKCP18）项目提供数据支撑。

本数据集的构建还纳入了多项针对19世纪及20世纪早期历史数据的复苏工作成果，相关工作得到了以下机构的支持：英国气象局哈德利中心气候计划、英国自然环境研究委员会（Natural Environment Research Council, NERC）“英国历史干旱与水资源短缺分析”项目、英国研究与创新署（UK Research & Innovation, UKRI）战略优先基金英国气候韧性计划、英国自然环境研究委员会（NERC）公众参与计划、国家大气科学中心以及NERC GloSAT项目，同时还得到了数千名公众志愿者的贡献。

本数据集采用开放政府许可（Open Government Licence）协议进行发布。

搜集汇总

背景与挑战

背景概述

HadUK-Grid是英国1km分辨率网格化气候观测数据集，覆盖1836-2023年，包含气温、降水、日照等26个气候变量。该数据集由英国气象局制作，主要用于英国气候监测和气候变化研究，最新v1.3.0版本新增了2023年数据并修正了历史观测错误。