High salt activates p97 to reduce host antiviral immunity by restricting Viperin induction

High salt diets have recently been implicated in hypertension, cardiovascular disease and autoimmune disease. However, whether and how dietary salt affects host antiviral response remain elusive. Here, we report that high salt induces an instant reduction in host antiviral immunity, although this effect is compromised during a long-term high salt diet. Further studies reveal that high salt stimulates the acetylation at Lys663 of p97, which promotes the recruitment of ubiquitinated proteins for proteasome-dependent degradation. p97-mediated degradation of the deubiquitinase USP33 results in a deficiency of Viperin protein expression during viral infection, which substantially attenuates host antiviral ability. Importantly, switching to a low salt diet during viral infection significantly enhances Viperin expression and improves host antiviral ability. These findings uncover dietary salt-induced regulation of ubiquitinated cellular proteins and host antiviral immunity, and could offer insight into the daily consumption of salt-containing diets during virus epidemics.